국내대학원 석사야간과정 훈련생 훈련과제 연구보고서 (김진호)

2021. 1.

국내대학원 석사야간과정 훈련생 훈련과제 연구보고서 제출

Ⅰ		훈련현황

○ 과정명 : 국내대학원 석사야간과정

○ 파견시작일 : 2019. 03. 01.

○ 파견종료일 : 2021. 02. 28.

○ 훈련형태 : [국내]대학원(야간)

○ 훈련과제 : 성과중심형 국제농업기술협력사업 모델 개발

Ⅱ		훈련상세정보

○ 관리번호 : 2019-U-0118

○ 훈련과정 : 국내대학원 석사야간과정

○ 소속부처 : 농촌진흥청

○ 직    급 : 농업연구관

○ 파견기간 : 2019. 03. 01. ~ 2021. 02. 28.

○ 훈련형태 : 국내대학원(아간)

○ 훈련분야 : 국비

○ 이수과정 : 석사(Master of Development Policy)

○ 별도정원여부 : 비별도

○ 대학교구분 : 사립

○ 전공계열 : 인문사회

○ 대학원명 : KDI 국제정책대학원

○ 학    과 : 국제정책학

○ 훈련과제 : 성과중심형 국제농업기술협력사업 모델개발

(Result-based International Agricultural Technology Cooperation Project Model)

Ⅲ		훈련과제 연구보고서

성과중심형 국제농업기술협력사업 모델 개발

Result-based International Agricultural Technology Cooperation Project Model

- Evaluation of Major Achievements of Overseas Resident Researchers in International Agricultural Technical Cooperation Projects -

Abstract

The Rural Development Administration has dispatched overseas resident researchers to operate overseas cooperation laboratories. Through this, the Rural Development Administration has been expanding technological cooperation and establishing overseas R&D bases through cooperation in agricultural technology and resource exchange. Researchers residing abroad have been dispatched to USDA-ARS, CAAS, WUR, IRRI (Philippines), and Worldveg.(Taiwan) to establish strategic overseas R&D advanced technology cooperation bases to improve Korea's agricultural technology. Through cooperation with international research institutes IRRI and Worldveg., we have achieved the development of new varieties and the introduction of agricultural genetic resources in response to climate change. In addition, through international technical cooperation with the U.S. (USDA-ARS), China (CAAS) and the Netherlands (WUR), it has achieved the results of introducing advanced agricultural R&D systems and driving the development of high value-added agricultural technology development. Recently, the international community has been doing its best to leak genetic resources and information on agricultural science and technology that it possesses for its own benefit. The role of a handful of researchers residing abroad is a key function for Korea, which currently ranks fifth in the world in terms of agricultural technology, to develop into a leading country in the development of global agricultural science and technology development. In order to secure national interests in the agricultural sector and to develop agricultural science and technology, the dispatch of researchers residing abroad should be continued.

Keywords: Overseas residential researchers, International agricultural technology cooperation,  Major achievements, Rural Development Administration(RDA)

Table of Contents

I. Introduction

II. Research in Literature

1. International Agricultural Technology Development Cooperation Project

2. Researchers Residing Overseas

III. Research methods and subjects

IV. Status of International Agricultural Technology Cooperation Projects

V. Status of dispatched countries, institutions, and major achievements of resident researchers abroad

1. USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS)

1) General status of U.S. agriculture

2) Institutional status

3) Major performance

2. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences  (CAAS)

1) General status of Chinese agriculture

2) Institutional status

3) Major performance

3. Wagenninghen University Research Center, Netherlands (WUR)

1) General status of Dutch agriculture

2) Institutional status

3) Major performance

4. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines

1) General status of Philippine agriculture

2) Institutional status

3) Major performance

5. World Vegetable Center (Worldveg.) in Taiwan

1) General status of agriculture in Taiwan

2) Institutional status

3) Major performance

VI. Conclusion

Reference Literature

List of Table

Table 1. Technology gaps between major countries and our country.

Table 2. Comparison of agricultural technology levels in seven major areas.

Table 3. Status of Overseas Residential Researchers of RDA

Table 4. International agricultural technical cooperation project details of RDA

Table 5. Legal basis and Regulations for project contents

Table 6. Status of Regional Laboratories of USDA-ARS

Table 7. Four Major Research Fields and National Research Programs of USDA-ARS

Table 8. Introduction and utilization of IRRI genetic resources

I. Introduction

The Rural Development Administration(RDA) has set up an international cooperation department based on the Rural Development Act in 1983 to promote the rapid development of Korean agricultural technology and international competitiveness through technical cooperation with the international community. It has been promoting international agricultural technology cooperation projects with international research institutes, cross-border cooperation projects, and North Korean agricultural research projects with a total budget of KRW 3.317 billion won as of 2019. (2018, RDA)

The purpose of this project is to strengthen the competitiveness of Korean agriculture through cooperation with agricultural technology powerhouses, resource-rich countries, and international agricultural research institutes and organizations. To this end, 1 Agreements between institutions for agricultural technology exchange at the national level (MOUs, etc.), 2 R&D related international conferences, 3 Overseas R&D Cooperation Research Office (Operation of 5 U.S. and others), 4 International Agency for Research and Resource Exchange (Five major national research institutes, IRRI, etc.) and 5 major national and international research institutes (50 subject for technology adoption) are being promoted by RDA. It means that RDA is official channel of international technology cooperation network and globalization of Korea Agricultural Technology. As part of such international technology cooperation projects, it operates overseas R&D cooperation laboratories (five in the U.S. and others), and has sent researchers-level overseas resident researchers to the laboratories to promote research cooperation with international institutions and national research institutes. Overseas resident researchers are responsible for the introduction of advanced technologies and exchange of excellent biological resources to advanced countries, agricultural export potential countries, and international institutions and national research institutes responsible for the conservation and management of animal and plant genetic resources. Initially, the Rural Development Administration had dispatched a total of 11 resident researchers to five national and six international organizations, but now it only sends five researchers to three national institutions, including the United States, China and the Netherlands, and two international organizations, the International Rice Research Institute and the World Vegetable Research Institute. In this study, we would like to examine the major achievements of overseas resident researchers at these agencies and identify factors and ripple effects that contribute to improving Korea's agricultural competitiveness. We also want to examine the necessity of continuous implementation of overseas resident researcher dispatch projects and seek ways to improve the project.

II. Research in Literature

1. International Agricultural Technology Development Cooperation Project

In 2015, the Rural Development Administration analyzed the technological gap of agricultual between Korea and advanced countries in 36 core technology areas based on seven major areas. The result was that the Korea's technology level in comparison to those with top technology holders averaged 80.6 %. (2015, Kim Ki-il et al)

Table 1. Technology gaps between major countries and our country.

(Units: Year)

year by year	United States	EU	Japan	China
2005	5.9	3.2	4.1	-3.3
2010	5.4	4.2	3.9	-2.5
2015	5.2	3.7	3.2	-2.5
2020(estimated)	3.4	2.2	1.9	-1.7

Table 2. Comparison of agricultural technology levels in seven major areas.

(Unit: %)

Seven Major Fields (Ranking)	Korea (5)	US (1)	EU (2)	Japan (3)	Canada (4)	Australia(6)	China (7)	Brazil (8)	Russia (9)	India (10)
Agricultural Biotechnology (5)	79.2	100	91.1	87.9	82.5	79.2	77.4	68.7	68.4	68.4
Stable production technology of national food (4)	84.8	100	89.2	93.6	82.2	83.2	83.5	75.1	72.2	74.0
Environmentally Friendly Agriculture and Safety Production technology of agricultural and livestock products (6)	83.7	100	98.5	95.0	87.7	85.2	71.7	70.0	72.3	68.4

High-quality stable production technology of agricultural and livestock products (5)	90.5	100	99.9	95.7	91.7	86.6	76.7	72.9	70.3	65.5
Agricultural mechanization, automation technology (6)	78.1	100	95.3	92.9	88.0	83.4	65.0	62.0	66.7	56.1
Securing diversity of agricultural biological resources and Utilization Technology(7)	77.9	100	94.5	87.0	82.1	79.0	78.8	69.5	70.6	68.2
Future Agricultural Technology (6)	80.3	99.7	100	94.8	86.7	83.1	68.4	68.9	70.3	63.3
Comprehensive Technical Level1)	80.6	96.7	92.6	89.9	83.5	80.6	72.9	68.2	68.1	64.9

At the same time, it leads the trend of research in the agricultural sector and is subject to benchmarking for agricultural researchers around the world. The Rural Development Administration has been promoting international agricultural technology cooperation projects in the hope that continuous cooperation with advanced countries through international technology cooperation will contribute to narrowing the gap in advanced technology levels by reducing time, trial and error required for technological innovation. Through this, we believe that it will contribute to the advancement of Korea's agricultural research system and the expansion of new areas of cooperation.

At the report of 'analysis of the improving effect on the agricultural technology level and international competitiveness through international cooperation projects' (2016.12 Korean Association For Public Administration), the current status, major achievements and ripple effects of this project were analyzed, and the improvement and upgrading of performance indicators for this project were reviewed intensively. In addition, 'the Comprehensive, Representative, and Effects Analysis Service Report'(2017, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Policy), which conducted the diagnosis and analysis of international agricultural technology cooperation projects, analyzed the feasibility, efficiency and effectiveness of international agricultural technology cooperation projects, the economic effects of international agricultural technology cooperation projects, the economic value of collecting and introducing overseas genetic resources, and the effects on improving farm management capabilities. The study suggested that this project is a research support-based project, as it is not easy to measure or calculate direct and visible (money) performance. It can be analyzed through condition value-added measurement method, and that it is presented as an economic ripple effect in three areas: overall project, collection and introduction of genetic resources, and improvement of farm management capabilities. In addition, it was reported that the International Agricultural Technology Cooperation Project is a research support-based project that continuously contributes to the creation of a domestic agricultural development infrastructure by establishing an international cooperative network, fostering human resources, human exchanges, and introducing technology and genetic resources. In addition, the service report (2019, Kim Wan-soon) for the analysis of the performance of international cooperation projects and the establishment of the next-generation international agricultural R&D promotion plan presented the importance of global agricultural R&D, necessity of the project, and legal basis, and the current status of international cooperation at home and abroad, as well as strategies and directions for implementing next-generation international agricultural technology projects. In addition, the 2020 Implementation Plan for Rural Development Projects under the 2nd Basic Plan for Rural Development (2018-2022) reported its implementation plans for research and development, rural guidance, education and training, and international cooperation projects, which are the main pillars of the rural development projects. In particular, this plan presents the vision and objectives of this project, as well as the direction of implementation and investment plans, along with the location and role of international cooperation projects.

2. Overseas Resident Researchers

Analysis of the ripple effect of establishing a stable research system for food crop and vegetable production through the dispatch of overseas resident researchers†(2013, Jeong Gi-cheol) analyzed the achievement and ripple effects of the dispatch project for overseas resident researchers dispatched by the RDA to International Rice Research Institute(IRRI), International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT), Asia Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) and Centro International de la Papa(CIP). In order to quantitatively and systematically understand the results and ripple effects of the overseas resident researcher dispatch project promoted by the Rural Development Administration over the past period, performance and ripple effects items were categorized by reflecting the purpose of the overseas resident researcher dispatch project, the characteristics of the dispatched institution, the legitimacy of the financial input, the effectiveness of the project, and the degree of achievement were systematically identified through measurement of performance and ripple effects. In addition, the Rural Development Administration proposed suggestions for the development and improvement of overseas resident researcher dispatch projects through measurement of performance and ripple effects, as well as the long-term dispatch of overseas resident researchers by the Rural Development Administration. In addition, the analysis of the effect of improving the level of agricultural technology and international competitiveness through the dispatch of resident researchers (2014, Kim Hyun-jong) analyzed the results and ripple effects of the dispatch project to the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), the U.S.DA-ARS, the International Institute of Biological Diversity(BI-APO) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), two international organizations, among the Rural Development Administration. Through this, the results and ripple effects of overseas resident researcher dispatch projects were quantitatively and systematically identified, and the factors and ripple effects of improving the agricultural R&D system through international cooperation. Those are linked to improving the productivity of high-quality safe agricultural products, and the factors and ripple effects that contribute to improving agricultural competitiveness by international institutions' introduction of bio-resource conservation and management technologies.

III. Research methods and subjects

The Rural Development Administration have been dispatching overseas resident researcher to 1) analyze advanced agricultural research systems and secure research trends/specialized information in each field 2) promote international joint research projects with experts in various fields, 3) select and introduce the useful genetic resources through search and screening of diverse and abundant genetic resources, 4) develop high-quality overseas research methods such as internal disease and disaster prevention using genetic resources. In this study, oversee residential researchers dispatched by the Rural Development Administration from three national and two international institution as of 2020 were surveyed. We would like to identify the characteristics and major tasks of each of these target countries and target institutions, identify the missions and major achievements of each resident researcher abroad, and check their future mission directions in the changing international relations.

Table 3. Status of Overseas Residential Researchers of RDA

dispatching agency		Location	major task
National Research Institute (5)	Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)	China	Agricultural Technology Cooperation and Introduction of Genetic Resources in Response to Northern Agriculture
	USDA-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS)	the United States	Introduction of advanced agricultural research and management system and exchange of researchers
	Wageninghen University Research Institute (WUR)	Netherlands	Introduction of advanced facility agricultural technology and livestock quality control technology
InternationalInstitution (2)	International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)	Philippines	Introduction of Rice Genetic Resources and Development of Variety in Response to Food Security
	World Vegetable Center (World Beg)	Taiwan	Introduction and Development of Genetic Resources for Useful Vegetable Genetic Resources

IV . Status of International Agricultural Technology Cooperation Project

The purpose of this project is to strengthen the competitiveness of Korean agriculture through cooperation with agricultural technology powerhouses, resource-rich countries, and international agricultural research institutes and organizations. For this purpose, 1)Agreements for agricultural technology exchange at the national level (MOUs, etc.) and 2) Attracting and opening the R&D related international conferences, 3) Operating the overseas R&D Cooperation Research Office (U.S. and 4 others), 4) Attracting International Oraganizations for agricultural research (Five major national research institutes, IRRI, etc.) and 5) Exchanging researchers and research materials (50 subjects for technology introduction) are being promoted by the RDA through Global R&D.

The International Agricultural Technology Cooperation Project, promoted by the Rural Development Administration, was established and implemented by establishing a dedicated department based on the Rural Development Act and the Enforcement Rules in 1983. As of 2019, it is being carried out as a unique project of the department operated by the International Technical Cooperation Division of the Rural Development Administration with 16 dedicated personnel.

Table 4. International agricultural technical cooperation project details of RDA

Three major details project		Cooperation target countries and sectors	Major Project Contents
International organization cooperative project(16)	International agricultural research institute/organization	- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), International Vegetable Research Institute (WorldVeg), etc. - International organizations such as FAO, OECD, etc.	- Developing/introducing core technologies and training human resources(seed growth, resource introduction, etc.) - Operation of overseas cooperation research laboratory (two overseas resident researchers) - Operation of the International Safety Duplicate Preservation Center for Genetic Resources
	Response to International Agricultural Issues	- Five areas, including climate change agreements and biodiversity.	- Analysis of pending international standards and policy support - Establishing a joint international standard response network
Interstate cooperative project(15)	Advanced countries	- United States (ARS), China (CAAS), Netherlands (WUR), Japan, Germany, Taiwan, Britain, etc.	- Joint development, introduction and information collection of high-tech technologies. - Operation of overseas cooperation research laboratory (three overseas resident researchers)
	Developing countries	- Philippines, Thailand, Russia, Uzbekistan, etc.	- Technology/human resources exchange and introduction of genetic resources
North Korean Agricultural Research Projects (2)	Supporting North Korea-to-Agricultural Cooperation Projects, including the Unification Ministry and private organizations	- Project to estimate North Korean grain production - Research on North Korean agriculture, etc.

Table 5. Legal basis and Regulations for project contents

legal basis	Regulations for Project Contents
Rural Development Act	- Article 22(cooperation with international organizations, etc.) - Article 23(cooperationwithforeign,etc.) - Article 24(AgriculturalTechnologyTraining,etc.) - Article 14(NorthKoreaAgriculturalResearchand Development Project)
Enforcement Rules of the Office of Rural Development Administration	- Article 9, Paragraph 3 of the International Technical Cooperation Division ①, ② International Cooperation with International Agricultural Research Agencies and International Organizations ③ Inter-State Cooperation in Agricultural Technology ④ International norms related to agriculture and technical responses to international issues ⑤ Exchange and cooperation projects with foreign countries for the introduction of advanced technology ⑦ Survey and Analysis of Northern Agriculture, including North Korean Agricultural Trends

The international agricultural technology cooperation project serves as a government channel for agricultural R&D international cooperation in accordance with the Rural Development Act, and is a project that is being carried out steadily based on mutual trust and other international agreements with MOU. Through the project, the government is carrying out pending national diplomatic strategy issues and tasks such as state visits and follow-up measures to diplomatic activities of the head of state. Currently, countries around the world are strengthening diplomatic activities, international cooperation, and exchanges as a means of creating economic value such as creating new industries, advancing overseas, and securing resources. In order to secure competitiveness in agricultural R&D technology around the world, global projects by issue have been expanded, strengthening international cooperation and exchanges based on international agreements such as MOUs between countries, between countries/international organizations, and between countries/companies. As of 2019, the Rural Development Administration has signed a total of 60 MOUs (international organizations 18 / countries and universities 42) to strengthen its international cooperation-based projects. One of the major achievements of international agricultural technology cooperation projects is strengthening the promotion of projects based on international cooperation. The Rural Development Administration has signed 305 external agreements since 1962 and 292 international agreements. The number of international agreements has been expanding from 8 in the 1980s, 44 in the 1990s, 133 in 2000 to 114 in 2010. Korea's agricultural technology is currently ranked 5th in the world (78 % of the world's best), 2.5 years ahead of China, and 5.4 years behind the U.S.. RDA is expanding its R&D oversee bases and technological cooperation through cooperation in agricultural technology and resource exchange by dispatching resident researchers overseas and operating overseas cooperation laboratories. In particular, it has been building strategic overseas R&D advanced technology cooperation bases to improve agricultural technology for ARS(U.S.), CAAS(China), WUR(Netherland), IRRI (Philippines), and Worldveg(Taiwan). In addition, as the importance of international cooperation in the form of a global partnership which is centered on human resources for leading technology development has been highlighted by intensifying competition for advanced technology development in advanced countries and strengthening technology protection in their own countries, the research field that is difficult to develop early in Korea has been carried out 50 projects a year, and there have been 26 cases (influence index of 553) including SCI 15 and 107 cases of domestic and overseas academic presentations, and 6 cases of practical technology transfer, 7 cases of agricultual technique and submit of 5 cases of agricultural policies. In addition, the RDA expanded global human exchanges by promoting the establishment of a global human network and supporting the training of experts through international cooperation projects. More than 400 people were exhcnaged annually, including 120 renowned overseas researchers (2018), 20 international workshops, 33 overseas researchers, 130 overseas business trips, and 90 domestic invited scholars from overseas. Through this, the foundation for participation in the Global Agricultural R&D Partnership Project (EU, WUR, CGIAR, USDA-ARS) was established.

The Rural Development Administration has secured short- and long-term national interests and played a role as a member of the international community in negotiating international agricultural issues (climate change, biodiversity, international standardization of agricultural safety, protection of traditional knowledge, and GMO safety) in order to promote technical preemptive responses to international issues in the agricultural sector. It has also maintained a close cooperation system among ministries, including the Prime Minister's Office, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, for international standardization of domestic technologies and resources, technical responses to the establishment of international common norms and tasks.

Finally, the Rural Development Administration has been supporting the South Korean government's policy on North Korea by estimating its food production. The agricultural technology cooperation project provides information on the establishment and estimation of North Korea's major grain production databases for 28 years from 1991 to now. We believe that it will contribute to building a foundation for peaceful unification and minimizing the cost of unification by improving agricultural productivity in North Korea on a humanitarian level.

V. The Status of Dispatched Countries, Agencies and Major Performance of Overseas Resident Researchers

1. US Agricultural Research Agency (ARS)

1) General status of U.S. agriculture

The U.S. farmland area was 4.08 million square kilometers in 2014, accounting for 48.9 % of the total land area in the U.S. in 1960, but decreased 4.3 point to 44.6 % in 2014. Still, the U.S. has higher agricultural competitiveness compared to other countries as its grain production such as corn and soybeans is among the top countries in the world. The U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) is $180.7 billion in 2015, with agriculture accounting for 1.1 % of the total U.S. GDP. However, the U.S. agricultural GDP has been on a gradual rise compared to the past, up 28.7 % compared to the 2000 agricultural GDP. The U.S. per-farm GDP hit $85,538 in 2015, 55.7 % higher than the U.S. per-capita GDP, the report showed. The rural population in the United States is estimated at 201-202 million, with less than 1% of the total population living in rural areas. U.S. agricultural exports account for 2.3 to 2.8 % of U.S. exports, while imports of agricultural products account for 0.9 to 1.4 % of its total imports.

U.S. agricultural products are mainly produced by grains such as corn and soybeans, and livestock products such as beef and chicken. Among the grains produced in the U.S, corn production is the highest, and in the early 2000s, about 250 million tons were produced, but since 2010, more than 350 million tons have been produced, generating an annual 3.2% increase in production. In addition, among grains, wheat (56.12 million tons), edible soybeans (40.49 million tons), sorghum (12.2 million tons), rice (7.12 million tons), barley (4.35 million tons), etc and cotton seeds (4.87 million tons), peanuts (2.53 million tons), and seaweed seeds (1.41 million tons) are produced in the America. U.S. livestock products are produced in the order of chicken, beef, and pork, and chicken and pork were produced at 14 million tons and 8.7 million tons respectively in the early 2000s. Since then, production has increased by 1.8% annually, producing more than 16 million tons and 10 million tons, respectively, since 2010. Meanwhile, the U.S. beef output in 2015/16 stood at 11.51 million tons, which has remained at the 11 million-ton level since 2000. Also, oranges, other milk, sugar, rice, apples, and cheese, which are the top import items in Korea, are produced in the United States.

If you look at the trade status of agricultural products between Korea and the U.S., the U.S. is the largest trading country among Korea's trade countries, with imports of 20-25% of Korea's agricultural products, and exports of 8 to 11%. Imports of U.S. agricultural products in 2016 amounted to $7.18 billion, showing a slight increase since 2012 when the Korea-U.S. FTA took effect. In recent years, however, agricultural imports have been shifting to countries that have signed FTAs with Korea, including China, Australia, New Zealand and Vietnam, showing a slight decline since 2014. Korea's agricultural exports to the U.S. reached $718 million in 2016, accounting for 10.9% of Korea's total exports of agricultural products, and since 2012, when the Korea-U.S. FTA took effect, exports have increased by an average of 10.3% annually due to reduced export tariffs, improved export conditions, and expanded export market to the U.S. Korea's agricultural products exported to the U.S. are mainly processed foods, and processed foods accounted for 75.6% of the agricultural products exported to the U.S. in 2016, up about 14.2% from 2015(U.S. Agricultural Status and Agricultural Policy, KORI World Agriculture 207, Lee Soo-hwan, 2017).

2) General Status of the USDA-Agricultural Research Service

Founded in 1953, it is one of four agencies in USDA's research, education and economy mission area. It belongs to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's vice minister of research, education and economy, which is dedicated to the U.S.- national agricultural research and is located in Beltsville, Maryland. The USDA Agricultural Research Service(ARS) is composed of 8,000 people (scientists & Post.Doc: 2,000 people, research support personnel: 6,000 people) from the main office and five regional offices (reorganization in 2014), and their 2018 annual budget was US$1.2 billion. Currently, more than 100 laboratories in 50 states perform 690 tasks organized by 16 national programs in four major areas. The main office, located in Beltsville, Maryland, is in charge of the research program, and to that end, it is supporting research such as planning, coordinating, evaluating, budgeting and personnel management of the national research program. Each regional office operates three to five laboratories under the responsibility of Area Director, each being headed by Director. Each lab operates three to fifteen labs, each of which is run by a Research Leader, one of which consists of five to twenty scientists, and individual scientists perform research tasks (Research Leader also runs a laboratory). In addition, each laboratory is assisted by Technician, a formal Staff, Support Scientist, Podak Post.Doc, a temporary Staff, and a master/doctoral course trainee.

Table 6. Status of Regional Laboratories of USDA-ARS

Area	Jurisdictional area	Research Institute
Northeast Region	Washington D.C., Beltsville MD*, Pensilvenia, Verginia, New Jersey, Philadelphia, NY and so on.	11 (12 States)
southeast region	Arkansas, Tennessee, North & South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Puerto Rico	13 (10 States)
Midwest Region	Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Iowa, Missouri, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Kentucky	13 (9 States)
Plain Region	Colorado, Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas	26 (10 States)
Western Pacific Region	Arizona, California, Utha, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, Hawaii,	21 (9 States)

The advanced future guidance of ARS and the development and research of technologies for supporting agricultural policy are carried out as missions, and major projects such as 1) human nutrition 2) natural resources and sustainable agricultural system 3) crop production and protection 4) livestock production and protection are being carried out for this purpose.

Table 7. Four Major Research Fields and National Research Programs of USDA-ARS

National Programs	National PG no.
Nutrition, Food Safety, and Quality ○ Human Nutrition ○ Food Safety(animal and plant products) ○ Product Quality and New Uses	NP #107 NP #108 NP #306
Natural Resources and Sustainable Agricultural Systems ○ Water Availability and Watershed Management ○ Soils and Air ○ Biorefining ○ Grass, Forage and Rangeland Ecosystems ○ Sustainable Agricultural Systems Research	NP #211 NP #212 NP #213 NP #215 NP #216
Crop Production and Protection ○ Plant Genetic Resources, Genomics and Genetic Improvement ○ Plant Diseases ○ Crop Protection and Quarantine ○ Crop Production	NP #301 NP #303 NP #304 NP #305
Animal Production and Protection ○ Food Animal Production ○ Animal Health ○ Veterinary, Medical, and Urban Entomology ○ Aquaculture	NP #101 NP #103 NP #104 NP #106

3) Major performance

After signing the Basic Agreement on Joint Cooperation between RDA-ARS ('02), the Commission promoted (about 20 cases) the conclusion of agreements to enhance the efficiency of cooperative projects, and has created conditions for expanding overseas expansion of domestic businesses and citizens through the establishment of such a human network for international cooperation. The Rural Development Administration signed an agreement in 2004 to establish and operate the RAVL (RDA-ARS Virtual Lab) of the Rural Development Administration in accordance with the need to establish a close cooperation system with the ARS, and has promoted the dispatch of seven resident researchers overseas since May 2004 to enhance the efficiency of bilateral cooperation projects. Through cooperation with ARS, advanced research systems have been continuously studied and a leading research technology development system has been introduced and applied in Korea.  One of the most notable achievements was the introduction of the National Program, a U.S. agricultural R&D operating system, to the Rural Development Administration, which was developed and operated by the ARS in the U.S., and reflected it in the establishment of a medium and long term R&D plan with the establishment of the Korean-style Agenda System (2008). It has also been shared with domestic researchers through planning and coordination of cooperative projects related to ARS-focused research fields, management of ARS organizations, and collection and analysis of research network information, and has greatly contributed to the establishment of advanced measures by the Rural Development Administration. In addition, we have planned and held regular joint workshops between the Rural Development Administration and the ARS once a year to analyze trends in international agricultural research and development. Moreover, we had regular joint workshop to continuously promote information on U.S. agricultural policy (U.S. President's Agricultural Report) and analysis and research of national agricultural programs. It can be said that it has contributed to expanding the perspective of the agricultural sector and discovering and carrying out various research projects by delivering the latest information to related experts in a timely manner.

The achievements of the exchange of agricultural genetic resources with the U.S. conducted by the Rural Development Administration have expanded the opportunities for the introduction and utilization of a total of 51,273 genetic resources since 2004, including the return of 1,600 genetic resources (2007.6) owned by the U.S. and the acquisition of agricultural genetic resources and related information to foster new species in response to climate change.

2. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)

1) General status of Chinese agriculture

Since its reform and opening in 1978, China has continued to grow rapidly to become the world's second-largest economy. Agriculture has also made remarkable progress, making an absolute contribution to solving the "Won Bao" problem, one of the key national policies of the economic growth period. China's leaders take great pride in solving the eating problem of the 20 % population on a hard surface of 7 % of the world. Between 1978 and 2012, China's agricultural and livestock production increased 64 times, but its share of gross domestic product fell sharply. The industrial structure of the agriculture, livestock and fisheries industries also changed significantly, while the proportion of agriculture decreased significantly, while the proportion of livestock and fisheries more than doubled. Since mid-1009, Chinese society has also been facing the hottest issues in the agricultural sector due to high economic growth, including a surge in the number of rural unemployed people, a widening income gap between urban and rural areas, a lack of agricultural water, and an aging rural labor force(Status of Chinese Agriculture and Agricultural Trends, 2013; KREI Agricultural Focus, Kim Jung-ho et al.). Korea's exports of agricultural, livestock and fisheries products to China stood at $1,629.9 million as of 2019, up 8.5% from the previous year, the report showed. It accounted for 17.1 % of South Korea's total exports of agricultural, livestock and fisheries products, the survey showed. South Korea's imports of agricultural, livestock and fisheries products to China fell 6.1 % on-year to $5742.3 million in 2019, accounting for 14.3 % of the total imports of agricultural and livestock products, the report showed(Import Statistics of Korea Agro-Fisheries & Food Trade Corp., http://www.kati.net/).

2) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)

The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences is a state-level agricultural scientific research organization under the direct control of the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, established on March 4, 1957 in Beijing, China for the purpose of solving technical problems in China's agriculture and farming villages, training of agricultural experts and publishing agricultural-related journals, and cooperation with related organizations at home and abroad. Currently, it has about 9,342 professionals (5,975 people in science and technology) and 39 research institutes (16 in the field of cultivation research, 10 in the field of aquaculture, 8 in the field of economy and environment, 5 in the field of agricultural process and high technology), 1 graduate school, and 1 Chinese agricultural science and technology publishing company are affiliated organizations.

The following are the duties,

1. Responsible for important basic and applied research of agriculture and research mission of high-tech industry development across the country   2. Solving the problems of science and technology that are fundamental and direction, overall phase, and key to agricultural and rural economic construction   3. Rural revival through science, cultivation of advanced scientific research personnel, agricultural science and technology publishing business, domestic and foreign agricultural technology exchange and joint work.

CAAS is currently pursuing research in all fields of agricultural science, including crops, genetic resources, food safety, environmental resources, biodiversity, bio-technology, livestock, grassland ecology, irrigation, agricultural economy and rural development. CAAS is promoting extensive science, technology and economic cooperation with agricultural science research organizations, universities, international organizations and international agricultural research centers in more than 60 countries.

3) Major performance

RDA signed an agreement between the RDA and CAAS on the dispatch of the overseas resident researchers to the CAAS('01.4) and a cooperation sub-contract for follow-up measures on agricultural technology cooperation between RDA and CAAS ('18.7.30). RDA has so far sent 10 resident researchers to CAAS to carry out research projects and to carry out liaison officers' duties. In order to find promising crops to export agricultural products to China and to conduct research on ways to expand exports, the government analyzed China's agricultural production, consumption and trade status, and proposed measures to expand exports of promising agricultural products (seven surveys and analysis). In addition, the government prepared and distributed measures to expand the export of agri-food and agricultural machinery to China ('16), the characteristics of China's rice market and the export expansion plan ('16), and the measures to overcome difficulties in exporting agri-food products to China ('17). It has also been exploring cooperative projects to promote joint research on areas of mutual interest and responses to pending issues through regular meetings of the Korea-China Planning Council (biannual and host country association). Recently, seven new tasks, including "International Standardization of Medication Seeds and Chinese Medicine," have been discovered and promoted. It successfully introduced excellent genetic resources(340 pieces of rice, 222 pieces of soybeans) in China. Through this process, 13,366 stores of 80 kinds were sold by 283 organizations in Korea. Recently, it has been pushing for research on ways to promote exports of fresh agricultural products to China and spread domestic varieties, and has analyzed and reported China's agricultural production, changes in the distribution environment of agricultural products, consumption trends, and promising export varieties. In addition, we have continuously collected and provided China's agricultural research and development trends and policy information, and we are pushing for emergency and occasional reports on major matters such as China's ASF outbreak. In addition, the government has continued to provide support for the development of northern response technology in preparation for unification by supporting projects to predict winter and summer crops near the North Korean border. China accounts for 7.1% of the world's agricultural trade and ranks second in Korea's agricultural exports and imports. In order to develop new technologies to cope with the Korea-China FTA, it is necessary to dispatch overseas resident researchers to CAAS. In addition, due to its geographical proximity, China needs to do close research cooperation such as the occurrence of sudden pests and yellow dust damage due to climate change, and it is absolutely necessary to use China as a base for North Korea's agricultural research in preparation for unification and agricultural cooperation with the North, including the development of crop research (such as corn, rice, potatoes, etc.) and cultivation technologies for each crop in the North Korea's adjacent areas. The CAAS local research center, which dispatched resident researchers from overseas China, will serve as a bridgehead for the South Korea-China FTA and the development of North Korean agricultural technology in preparation for unification.

3. Wagenninghen University Research Center, Netherlands (WUR)

1) General status of Dutch agriculture

The Netherlands is a trade and agricultural trade-oriented country that makes the most of the EU's integrated market, making up the world's second-largest exporter of agricultural products (20% of exports and 10% of imports). Dutch agriculture's contribution to the domestic economy accounts for 10% of employment and 10% of GDP as of 2011.Among them, the second and third industries based on agriculture account for 7.3% and the first production accounts for only 2.7% (Korea 3.0%). Important agricultural sectors are concentrated livestock (pigs, poultry, dairy) and facility horticulture, and food crops such as wheat are not significant. Such Dutch agriculture is not a production-driven growth, but rather a trade and agricultural trade-oriented growth that makes the most of the EU's integrated market. The area of agricultural land in the Netherlands is 1,050 thousand ha (0.61 times that of Korea), 46% of the land area, and 50% of them are livestock sectors, and the population of agriculture is 190 people (0.07 times that of Korea). Major agricultural and livestock products include mushrooms, potatoes, flowers, tomatoes, paprika, sugar beet, meat and milk. Farming productivity through advanced intensive and mechanized farming in the Netherlands is the highest among EU countries, and this is due to the effective system of providing practical advice to farmers through quality agricultural education, agricultural research.

Although the Netherlands is a small country, it has specialized in agriculture, becoming the driving force of the Dutch economy and the world's second-largest exporter of agricultural products ($75.4 billion, 2012) after the United States. In particular, the Netherlands, along with the United States and France, is one of the world's top three producers of vegetables and fruits, accounting for a quarter of Europe's total vegetable exports. Among vegetables, tomatoes are the world's No. 1 exporter, exporting $18 billion in 2012, about 22 % of the world's tomato exports. In addition to its fertile plains and mild climate, the Netherlands is leading the world's agriculture industry by taking advantage of its advantages as a key point of European distribution. Although the area of farmland in the Netherlands decreased by 17 thousand hectares (-0.9%) compared to 2011, more than half of the Netherlands' total area is still used as farmland (agricultural and horticultural). In particular, the number of agricultural management entities decreased by half between 1980 and 2012, resulting in the scale of agriculture. The main agricultural products of the Netherlands include livestock, flowers, grains, potatoes, sugar beet, fruits and vegetables.As of 2012, crop production was 12.47 billion euros and livestock production was 10.36 billion euros, with the proportion of crop and livestock production being 5.5:4.5. The largest proportion in terms of output in agriculture was vegetables and horticulture, which produced 37.1% of the total agricultural output as of 2012. Potatoes (5.5 %) and feed crops (3.2 %) account for a high proportion of other crops. Milk (18%), pigs (12.7%), cows (6.8%) and poultry (3.4%) are the most active dairy products in the Netherlands.

The largest share of the Netherlands' farmland is grassland, with similar areas of presbytery and grain cultivation. Dutch agri-food exports consistently accounted for about 65% of the total value-added and employment of agriculture during 2001-2009, and have played an important role in the agricultural economy, generating 67.3% of the total value-added of agriculture and 67.7% of employment in the agricultural sector in 2011. As of 2011, agricultural exports have been on a steady rise to 72.3 billion euros.

Exports of agricultural products accounted for 15.1 % of total exports, with exports in the form of final goods accounting for 66.9 % of all agricultural exports.

In terms of agricultural imports, imports of agricultural products amounted to 47.3 billion euros in 2011, with the volume of agricultural imports also on the rise. In 2011, imports of agricultural products accounted for 11% of the total imports, the same as exports, with imports in the form of final goods accounting for the highest portion.

In 2011, the Netherlands' agricultural and food trade accounted for 80% of exports between the EU and about 60% of imports, which is very high in the EU. The Netherlands' agricultural trade surplus amounted to about 24.9 billion euros (about 35.9281 trillion won) as of 2011, which occurred in EU-to-EU trade and was in the red in non-EU trade. The Netherlands' most important agri-food trading country is Germany, accounting for 26% of the Netherlands' agri-food exports and 19% of its imports. The main exports to Germany are vegetables and fruits, ornamental plants, dairy products, eggs and meat, and in the case of dairy products, fresh milk, whey and skimmed milk powder, which are the ingredients of the food industry, were exported. Other major agricultural trading partners in the Netherlands include Belgium, France and Britain, whose main exports in the EU include meat, decorative agricultural products, dairy products, fatty foods and feed. 1 The Netherlands proposes a joint agricultural policy to promote agricultural sector-specific production, 3 agricultural sector-specific sustainability, and 4 agricultural competitiveness (LTO Nederland, 2013) in Nederland, 2013). In addition, the Netherlands, which has developed intensive agriculture with only 41% of Korea's land area, aims to minimize the impact on global warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions through policies to reduce livestock pollutants while promoting crop protection and proper use of fertilizers for sustainable farming.

Meanwhile, the Netherlands maintains and strengthens its competitiveness as the world's seventh-largest agricultural power after Norway, Ireland, Japan, Denmark, Germany and Botswana with more than 4% of agricultural GDP (FAO, 2013). On the other hand, Korea's R&D spending in the agricultural sector is only half of the Netherlands' at the beginning of 2% of its agricultural GDP. Korea should also make efforts to create an agricultural environment that creates a higher level of added value in response to globalization by strengthening sustainable agricultural and agricultural sector research.

2) General status of the Wagenningen Univ. & Research Centre (WUR)

WUR established the Wageningen UR in 1997 by integrating research functions in agriculture, including the National Agricultural and Fisheries Research Agency, focusing on Wageninghen University. As such, WUR is a combination of Wageninghen University and the Wageninghen Research Foundation, a unique structure that has increased the efficiency of the organization through institutional integration. Starting with the integration of universities and agricultural research institutes in 1997, WUR was officially established in 1998, and since September 2016, it has been unified into one brand called WUR. WUR is leading agri-food R&D globally through R&D cooperation with the Global Agri-Food Institute as its core task of "research+education+value creation," and is tasked with developing the potential of nature to improve quality of life, and its research direction is "healthy food and living environment." The WUR's organization consists of one president, two vice presidents, two boards of directors and five research groups (five universities + nine research institutes), about 5,300 employees (two600 + 2,700 universities) and about 11,000 students. The budget is about 9916 million, about 50% of the double government support, and other corporate and EU research resources.

The WUR is Europe's largest agricultural and life-industry-specialized educational institution, which operates 18 bachelor's courses, 30 master's courses, one MBA courses and seven doctoral programs. It has the ability to combine the abilities of specialized laboratories and universities and exert combined power in various fields of natural and social sciences. WUR's R&D propulsion characteristics are based on the final objective of the research on the commercialization of advanced agricultural technology developed, and government-funded R&D and legal research for the determination of Dutch agricultural policy is carried out. In addition, through corporate participation, the company is promoting cooperation for commercialization of technologies and sharing its roles thoroughly. WUR is creating synergy by strengthening R&D networks of training and securing excellent manpower and joint research through links between universities (WU) and specialized research institutes (DLO).

3) Major performance

The Rural Development Administration has signed an MOU with the University of Wagen and Research Center (WUR) to establish the RDA Abroad Virtual Laboratory within the WUR and to sign an agreement on the dispatch of overseas resident researchers (2009, 3) to promote joint agricultural research projects and joint agricultural research projects.

In particular, Korea's smart farm technology level in the field of high value-added production technology in agriculture is 80 percent of the Netherlands, which has the world's best technology, and the five-year technology gap ("15, Rural Development Administration"). To overcome this situation, researchers residing abroad supported the comparative analysis of productivity with Dutch facility horticulture and the establishment of related policies. In addition, it has led to maximization of productivity by uniforming the environment of agricultural facilities and establishing optimal precision control, and developed core technologies for robot autonomous navigation algorithms ("17) that allow autonomous driving in domestic orchards through joint research at a time when strategies for developing robots and automation Korean models and modeling exports are needed. In addition, the facility house developed a method for the distribution and management of natural enemies for pest control in crop cultivation and proposed a plan for farming use ('17). In the field of agricultural safety and quality, a new environmental and ecological risk assessment model (such as honeybees mass mortality) was developed through simultaneous analysis of the polycomponents of organic pollutants, and a response technology for international agricultural safety issues (such as CODEX) was developed by securing a physical toxicity assessment system. The technology of selecting the resistant system for the reverse pathogen of potatoes was introduced, and domestic varieties (2 pieces) with resistant marker genes were discovered through domestic genotype and group classification. By doing so, it was possible to reduce the number of control cases, supply eco-friendly safe agricultural products, and reduce management costs. It also developed Smart Chain technology for long-term transport of export-related agricultural products. In other words, information data and monitoring systems were combined to provide a basis for predicting quality changes in transport environmental conditions. In addition, lactobacillus mixing technology was introduced to reduce the cost of feed for dairy cows and increase the amount of oil produced in order to improve farmers' income and increase their research capabilities, and a comparative analysis tool of modon productivity was introduced for guidance on farm management. In addition, circular mass separation and regeneration technology for the cultivation of oyster mushroom varieties were introduced, and information on the convergence technology of pig and animal welfare of developed countries was provided to researchers of the Rural Development Administration.  It supported a new international cooperation research project agreement that will be implemented from 2018. Through this, the foundation was strengthened for the development of Korea's aquatic ecosystem exposure scenario development method and advanced risk assessment technique for the assessment of the risk of agricultural chemicals, and the establishment of a cooperative system for the development of agricultural management programs for predicting/reducing salt damage in reclaimed farmland. The Netherlands is "the world's second largest exporter of agricultural products" and a powerhouse in agricultural technology. In order to secure Korea's competitiveness in agricultural technology, it is necessary to establish a network between Korea and the Netherlands, including WUR. Therefore, it is necessary to continue sending resident researchers to support the resolution of pending national issues in the agricultural sector, actively respond to the Korea-EU FTA, collect information on agricultural safety management and establish a human network of European agricultural powers.

4. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines

1) General status of Philippine agriculture

The Philippines is a country with a suitable environment for agriculture, with 13 million ha, or 45% of the total land area of 30 million ha, and the main farmland is distributed in urban suburbs or densely populated areas. Within a total of 13 million ha, food grain (food grain) is cultivated by dividing 31% (4.1 million ha), food crops 52% (6.76 million ha), and non-food crops by 17% (2.2 million ha).

The characteristic of the Philippines' agricultural structure is that the majority of small-scale farms that own or lease farm land on average of 2 ha per household for subsistence or commercial purposes, compared to those who own medium and large-scale farmland. This is because the proportion of small farmers has increased since the late 1990s due to the Philippines' Compressive Adrian Reform Program (CARP). While the Philippines has a wide and fertile land, abundant rainfall and a three-layered climate, the level of agricultural development is relatively weak among the six neighboring ASEAN countries, which is a proof that there is so much room for development.

The Philippines is a rice-based country that exported part of its rice until the 1980s. However, since the early 1990s, the government began to rely on imports rather than on domestic production due to the low price competitiveness of rice compared to Thailand and Vietnam. As a result of the failure of farmland reform and long-term neglect of investment in agriculture, it became a net importer of rice.

The main crops are rice, corn, banana, coconut, sugar cane, mango, pineapple, cassava, sweet potato, rubber and calamansi, among which sugar cane cultivation has shown a remarkable increase in recent years.

Grain has been a major factor in lowering the overall growth rate of the agricultural sector. Productivity growth was only 0.2% in 2013-15, mainly because of the severe damage to rice and corn farming due to the effects of typhoons and El Nino, especially in Mindanao. In addition, the crop cultivation area decreased due to the increase in coconut cultivation, and the introduction of high yield varieties in major grain crops failed. On the other hand, the output of fruit trees such as bananas, pineapples and mangoes has increased and profits have also increased, due to increased demand in the market and improved cultivation techniques.The goal of the development strategy in the agricultural sector, as declared in the Philippine National Development Plan 2017-2022, is to reduce inequality in economic opportunities, and to that end, the aim is to expand economic opportunities for all agricultural workers in the long term, especially for small farmers and fishermen. In other words, it aims to improve market access for all producers currently engaged in agriculture, while also reducing inequality in economic opportunities by providing marginal small farmers with opportunities to participate in the market.

The Philippines National Development Plan 2017-2022 evaluates that the agricultural sector has not been able to overcome repeated problems such as low productivity and weak competitiveness, climate and natural disaster risks, and reduction and depletion of resources. Regional trade liberalization such as the ASEAN Economic Community, bilateral free trade agreements and the elimination of the planned rice import limit in 2017 are expected to provide opportunities for agriculture, while posing great risks to stakeholders in the agricultural sector, especially small farmers and fishermen, who are less competitive(Kim Seung-jun, Agricultural Status and Policy in the Philippines, World Agricultural No. 198, KREI, 2017).

2) General status of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)

The International Rice Crop Research Institute (IRRI) was established in 1960 under a three-way agreement, the Rockefeller/Ford Foundation/Philippine Government, with the aim of promoting the health of poverty eradication, poverty relief, rice growers and rice consumers, highlighting each country's strengths through partnerships, and maintaining a healthy global environment. It is currently located in Los Banss, the Philippines, and is a CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research and Development) with 1,043 ('18) people on duty, including 110 international experts (GRS), 50 post-doctoral researchers (Post Docs), 930 domestic experts (NRS), and science and technology applicants. It is located in Los Ban Bs, the Philippines, with 110 international experts (GRS), 50 Post.Doc researchers. It is an independent research institute for profit. Currently, 126 organizations, including 22 governments (36 state agencies), 15 international organizations (24 international institutions), 12 private companies, seven foundations, and 11 universities, are participating as members. The organization has a board of directors, one director, three deputy directors and 19 regional offices. IRRI's aim is to lead the development of climate-relief technology in rice farming, consider hybrid rice, expand investment in sustainable agricultural technology and provide technical support to Filipino farmers.

3) Major performance

① Tropical Area Adaptive Zaponica Variety Development has been promoting the GUVA (Germplasm Utilization for Value Added) project since 1992 as an RDA/IRRI cooperative project. The project was carried out with the main purpose of developing and disseminating japonica rice varieties adapted to the tropics, but the RDA and IRRI were driven by different needs. In other words, RDA needed to develop a variety suitable for producing japonica rice in the event of a food crisis, but IRRI needed to improve the income of farmers by distributing japonica rice varieties in the tropics. Through this project, an adaptability evaluation was conducted for the use of about 100 domestic breeds of Japonica, and the selection was made through this project. In 2001, the name IRKR 1 was abbreviated to IRRI and Korea Rice 1. To date, five varieties (MS11('08), Japanica 1('09), Japanica 2('12), Japanica 6('17), and IR15K1494('18) have been registered in the Philippines. Through the first phase of the GUVA project over the past 20 years, the amount of rice has increased from 2 tons to 4 tons, and the number of days of release has doubled from about 35 days to 77 days.

② Fundamental Study on Rice Using New Technology

In order to secure a large number of excellent genes that adapt to future environmental changes, research is very necessary to transfer useful genes from wild rice to cultivated rice. To this end, research on fostering the intermediate system, in which the barriers of growing rice and wild rice have been overcome, must be preceded. The task of developing a chromosome replacement (CSSL) system has been carried out over the past four years ('13~'16) to discover useful genes, such as internal diseases of wild rice plants. In addition, BC1F1 was fostered (2019) between IR24 and O.latifolia, O.alta, and O. Grandiglumis for the development of biomass-increasing rice genetic resources using CCDD genomes.

③ Evaluation and introduction of processing functional rice genetic resources

Although Korea currently has 30,000 pieces of rice resources (for rice and glutinous rice), it was necessary to introduce them for functional processing to promote rice consumption. Currently, IRRI is the world's largest organization with 130,000 pieces of rice resources introduced from 123 countries. Although seed resources were used free of charge as a common heritage of mankind, they were recognized as a national right after 1992, and each country is eager to secure resources, but they can be introduced free of charge through the dispatch of overseas resident researchers.

Table 8. Introduction and utilization of IRRI genetic resources

Regiment	pre-80s	90s to 10s	Since the 2010s
Introductory form	rice quantity	flavoring rice, colouring rice	functional, for processing
Development variety	Tongil, Geumgang Rice Manseok, Hangang-chal, Gaya rice, etc	Flavored Rice No. 1 black pearl rice, etc.	Palbangmi (rice soup) Mokyang, Mokwoo(rice for feed)

Through the genetic resource utilization indicator component and related gene search task (2017-2019) to improve rice and rice powder storage, the seed life expectancy (笙T and 誦T3) was confirmed to be high in species with long seed life, and the early breed development and distribution of the domestic processing system winter growth reduced the breeding period by three to five years, thereby reducing the cost of breeding by three billion won/year.

④ Fostering of salt-resistant, unified rice plants

It is necessary to enhance Korea's international status by supplying and supporting high-quality and salt-resistant varieties to countries around the world by utilizing AFACI, KAFACI, and KOPIA programs, which are international cooperation projects for developing countries. Thus, after reviewing the agricultural and crop-resistant characteristics of the International Rice Research Institute's development-resistant varieties, 10 varieties with excellent anti-inflammatory and high quantity are selected and provided to nine member countries to be evaluated for local adaptability (2018-2020).

⑤ Rice cold resistance Research

There was no project carried out through the RDA-IRRI cooperative study on cold resistance. Although some tests were conducted to foster MS11 and Japonica 1 and 2 through the Chuncheon branch of a overseas resident researcher , there were currently no cooperative studies linked to the Chuncheon branch. Since conducting cold-resistant research in the International Rice Research Institute is a difficult situation due to local conditions, the University of Bagio Bengyan in the northern part of the Philippines is conducting an adaptability test on the GUVA productivity test system. The field requested by the International Rice Research Institute to Korea is cold-resistant research, and high-priority characteristics when growing rice in high-mountain areas in tropical and African regions are cold-resistant.

In Korea, where climate change is rapidly progressing on the Korean Peninsula, such as subtropical dialogue and abnormal weather frequency, genetic diversity of rice plants is low, so it is necessary to secure a stable place to introduce new genetic resources to cope with climate change and future responses, but recently, it is becoming more difficult to secure useful genetic resources due to the trend of strengthening sovereignty of domestic biological resources. However, it is possible to purchase rice free of charge through a resident researcher sent to IRRI (129,590 points), the world's largest rice resources organization. In addition, it is necessary to continue developing tropical-adjusted rice varieties to secure food security and enhance national prestige, and it is absolutely necessary to continuously dispatch overseas resident researchers to IRRI, which can serve as a base for overseas seed export of our varieties using the foundation for international cooperation.

5. Taiwan World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg.)

1) General status of agriculture in Taiwan

Taiwan is located at 23.3 degrees north latitude and 121 degrees east longitude, and the climate is oceanic and tropical. The rainy season falls from June to August every year, and it is humid and rainy. The eastern part of Taiwan Island is mountainous, the western part is flat, and the arable land is 24% of the land. As of 2017, Taiwan's land area is 36,193 square kilometers, of which the registered area is 35,108 square kilometers, or 97 %. The area of agriculture, including farmland and mountainous areas, is 21,679 square kilometers, or 61.7% of the registered area, and the urban area is 4,911 square kilometers, or 14% of the registered area. The area of agriculture and forestry has continued to increase since 2013, but the area of urban areas has continued to decline. Taiwan's population in 2017 was 23.57 million, up 19.7 million, or 0.8 %, from 2013. With population growth slowing down, population growth has fallen more than 1 % point from 2.47 % in 2013 to 1.33 % in 2017. The number of working-age people (15-60 years old) also decreased, with the number of working-age people falling by 3.64 million (-2.3 %) from 15.99 million in 2013 to 15.63 million in 2017. The average age increased by about 1.5 years from 39.42 years in 2013 to 41.04 years in 2017.

Taiwan's agricultural and livestock trade increased by about 9.8% from $13.87 billion in 2013 to %15.23 billion in 2017. Exports of agricultural, forestry and livestock products amounted to $3.26 billion in 2017, accounting for 1.0% of the total exports, which is very small. Imports of agricultural, forestry and livestock products amounted to $11.96 billion in 2017, accounting for 4.6% of the total imports, which is relatively large. Taiwan's agricultural and livestock trade balance continues to record deficits, with a deficit of around $8.5 billion.

In 2017, Taiwan's agriculture and livestock industry had a nominal GDP of 300.4 billion yuan (11.1178 trillion won), accounting for about 1.7 % of its total GDP of 17431.2 billion yuan (about 645.127.2 trillion won). The share of agricultural industry GDP in Taiwan's total GDP continued to decline from 32.2% in 1952, 28.1% in 1960, 15.1 % in 1970, 7.5 % in 1980, 4.0 % in 1990 and 2.0 % in 2000, and 1.5-2.0 % after the 2000s. In 2016, Taiwan's agricultural industry production value was 520.2 billion yuan, with 268.1 billion yuan (9.922 trillion won), 200 million yuan (7.4 billion won) in forestry, 86.5 billion yuan (3.214 trillion won) in fisheries and 165.4 billion yuan (6.115 trillion won) in livestock industry.

Agricultural production value accounted for more than 60% of the total agricultural industry before the 1970s, but decreased to less than 50% in the 1970s, and was about 40~45% from 1985 to 2010. Since 2010, the proportion of agriculture has increased, with 51.5% as of 2016. The livestock industry accounted for 15.8% of the total agricultural and livestock industries in 1952, but it has continued to increase since then to 35.5% in 1996. The share of livestock industry decreased to 28.3% in 1997 due to the influence of the East Asian financial crisis, and continued to increase to 35.0% from 1997. Since the 2010s, the portion of livestock industry has been around 32%. The average annual growth rate of agricultural and livestock exports from 2013 to 2017 was 5.2%, which increased faster than the rate of its' imports(1.7 %). Taiwan's annual average exports of agricultural and livestock products (2013-2017) stood at $2.87.31 billion, with imports recording $11.2496.7 billion and continuing trade deficits. In 2017, exports amounted to $3.26751 billion, while imports amounted to $11.964.92 billion. Taiwan's major exporters of agricultural and livestock products were China, Vietnam, the United States, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea and Malaysia, with the exception of the United States, the exporting countries were mainly concentrated in the countries (regions) adjacent to Taiwan. In particular, exports to China, Vietnam and the United States accounted for 24.2%, 13.2% and 12.6%, respectively, with export concentration in the top three countries reaching nearly 50%. Korea is Taiwan's sixth-largest export destination. Taiwan's major importers of agricultural, forestry and livestock products are diversified in order of the United States, Brazil, New Zealand, Australia and China, unlike the distribution of exporting countries. Among them, the U.S. imports accounted for 27.9 %, which was very high. South Korea is Taiwan's 11th-largest importer. Measures in the agricultural sector in response to Taiwan's expansion of free trade are being taken in terms of expanding exports and securing competitiveness in the quality of its agricultural products. Taiwan is focusing on developing specialized industries in the agricultural sector to expand exports by utilizing free trade agreements, preparing to develop overseas consumption markets by creating an agricultural production concentration complex, and implementing policies to establish an export-driven agricultural production model by promoting high value-added farming in the free economic demonstration zone. On the other hand, the government is also implementing policies to increase the self-sufficiency rate of its agricultural products, including grain, and strengthen the quality and safety of agricultural and livestock products so that their agricultural products are not replaced by foreign products(Im Chae-hwan, Agricultural Status and Policy Trends in Taiwan, November 2018 issue of KREI World Agriculture).

2) General status of the World Vegetable Center

The World Vegetable Center (Worldveg.) is the only non-profit international institution for vegetable research and development in the world, established in 1971 and located in Taiwan, and renamed the World Vegetable Center from the existing institution, Asia Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), in 2008. The World Vegetable Center is establishing a system for collecting, managing, evaluating, and distributing vegetable genetic resources, breeding and cultivation, GAP and IPM, post-harvest management, nutrition improvement, impact assessment of development varieties and technologies, and developing countries' research capabilities and research cooperation systems. It currently has 63,247 vegetable genetic resources, of which 66.6 % are reported to be available. The organization of the World Vegetable Center consists of the Board of Directors (17 people), the Director, the Deputy Director 2 (Research, Administration) Research Flagship Program 4, the Seed Bank, and Regional Office 5 (Thailand, India, Tanzania, Mali and Benin), with a total of 400 people (including 60 experts) and more than 10 countries and international organization funding (approximately $21 million, 23.6 billion won).

3) Major performance

In order to introduce useful genetic resources for the development of disease-resistant and resistant varieties due to climate change, and to collect information related to vegetable research for international cooperation work and to collect information related to host countries, the Rural Development Administration has sent 12 overseas researchers to the present day in accordance with the Agreement on Technical Cooperation on Research and Training (1992.4). Overseas resident researchers developed the world's first 밹hili anthrax resistance" breeds through joint research and distribution of six private seedling companies to generate economic expected effects of 120 billion won, or 10% of the annual production, to address the shortage of red pepper cultivation farmers, and developed concentrated and four types of "concentrated varieties" that can be harvested temporarily, among them.

In addition, 26 varieties of soybeans (golden beans, black beans, Daekwang beans, etc.) and 13 varieties of corn were developed for the promotion of generation for early distribution of varieties and the development of seeds, thereby contributing to the early development of new varieties and the improvement of farm income. It also introduced 10 subtropical vegetables (Atichok, Tseng Oi, Okra, Louverb, Chayote, Indian spinach, Louverb, Gongsimche, Ulgeum, Yambin, etc.) to cope with climate change and promote farming income in the southern region, and developed new varieties of private seed companies. By selling a total of 347 cases of 11,333 resources introduced by WorldVeg, the company contributed to improving the competitiveness of the seed industry by providing materials for development of new varieties.

In addition, the pool of genetic resources was expanded with the introduction of useful genetic resources (14,593 points), and the economic effect of the variety development of the introduced resources ("01~) was expected to reach at least 11 billion.(STEPI, '13).

In addition, the government expanded the stability of the vegetable industry in response to climate change through the development of varieties such as Charantin (Charantin) High-Altitude Milk 'Yeoju' ('13), and retained the resources (14,324 points) of the World Vegetable Center in trust with the Rural Development Administration. Currently, the Agricultural Genetic Resources Center of the Rural Development Administration has been certified by the United Nations as the "International Seed Safety Duplicate Preservation Center," providing an opportunity to enhance its status as an international seed conservation center and a powerhouse in genetic resources. As a founding member of WorldVeg, Korea is contributing to enhancing Korea's national status in the agricultural R&D sector by providing contributions and dispatching overseas resident researchers. In particular, in order to overcome global vegetable genetic resources and technology protection trends and secure the latest core resources, the role of bridge for overseas resident researchers is important, and continuous cooperation is needed as a suitable place for cooperation research in the field of variety development, foreign insect response, and safety production to cope with future warming. In addition, since Taiwan's agricultural policy and foreign policy direction are similar to Korea's smart agricultural transformation, export policy, and new southern policy, it is necessary to continuously dispatch overseas resident researchers to facilitate access to information and collection necessary for establishing domestic agricultural policies.

V. Conclusion

In response to the launch of the Post-2020 New Climate System and the expansion of the subtropical climate on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is strengthening R&D for predicting, adapting, and mitigating climate change. Through the balanced development of agriculture, environment, and food, it has implemented 'sustainable agriculture and farming villages' and has made 'providing healthy food for the people'. Accordingly, agricultural R&D investment is being carried out from productivity-oriented to sustainability in the past, from consumer participation to site-oriented bottom-up, and from the aim of expanding the export of practical R&D and agricultural science and technology. In order to improve R&D performance, a preemptive analysis is required of the latest findings and trends in technology flows in each field of research projects carried out by the State.

In particular, it is absolutely necessary to secure a strategic overseas R&D hub to reduce the technological gap with advanced European countries by enhancing Korea's agricultural technology, which ranks fifth in the world.

Recently, overseas resident researchers play a significant role in establishing a global network to proactively respond to problems. For example, livestock diseases such as ASF, plant diseases such as fire blight, climate change prediction, adaptation, and mitigation areas, value assessment, air and satellite-based crop monitoring and soil and water resource evaluation areas, monitoring systems for agricultural environment resources, environmental standards and capacity, and quality evaluation systems, and food safety.

In order to enhance cooperation with researchers from countries (international organizations) where overseas resident researchers are dispatched, human exchanges and cooperation based on the formation of mutual trust are required. Through this, the government should continue to support the discovery of joint research projects for future investment in agricultural science and technology, including support for collecting information and promoting tasks and exchange and cooperation of researchers in basic and vulnerable technology fields.

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